Take E to be the electric field at point O, then. Conversely, energy is released when a nucleus is created from free nucleons or other nuclei: the nuclear binding energy. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Interaction. Careful measurement of the electric field at the surface of a black box indicates that the net outward flux through the surface of the box is $8.0\times {{10}^{3}}N{{m}^{2}}/C$. Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. Ans: The field lines shown in (a) do not represent electrostatic field lines because field lines must be normal to the surface of the conductor which is a characterizing property of electric field lines. Charge density of plate A, $\sigma =17.0\times {{10}^{-22}}C/{{m}^{2}}$, Charge density of plate B, $\sigma =-17.0\times {{10}^{-22}}C/{{m}^{2}}$. Electric forces exist among stationary electric charges; both electric and magnetic forces exist among moving electric charges. However, he now began to write important works on applied mechanics and he presented his first work to the Acadmie des Sciences in Paris in 1773. Nucleons have a radius of about 0.8fm.[5]. Similarly, (3) and (4) are of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction and hence they cancel out each other too. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born in Angoulme, Angoumois county, France, to Henry Coulomb, an inspector of the royal demesne originally from Montpellier, and Catherine Bajet. Repulsion and attraction. The pH at which the surface exhibits a neutral net electrical charge is the point of zero charge at the surface. Once determined, any given potential can be used in, e.g., the Schrdinger equation to determine the quantum mechanical properties of the nucleon system. Look up a table of physical constants and hence determine the value of the given ratio. Therefore, if the distance between the two charges is doubled, the attraction or repulsion becomes weaker, decreasing to one-fourth of the original value. [1] However, pI is also used. 1. But by Gauss law, we know that the net electric flux through a chargeless enclosing surface is equal to zero. A system has two charges ${{q}_{A}}=2.5\times {{10}^{-7}}C$and ${{q}_{B}}=-2.5\times {{10}^{-7}}C$located at points $A:\left( 0,0,-15cm \right)$ and $B:\left( 0,0,+15cm \right)$ respectively. Check whether the ratio $\frac{k{{e}^{2}}}{G{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{p}}}$is dimensionless. Let us consider \[n\] up quarks in a proton, each having a charge of $+\left( \frac{2}{3}e \right)$. Question 9 offers students with an explanation of the total charge and electric dipole moment of a system that has two charges. {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} )} Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomena Let $m$ be the mass being transferred in the given case and ${{m}_{e}}$ be the mass of the electron, then, $\Rightarrow m=9.1\times {{10}^{-31}}\times 1.85\times {{10}^{12}}$, $\therefore m=1.706\times {{10}^{-18}}kg$. Magnetism is also associated with elementary particles, such as the electron, that have a [2], The nuclear force has an essential role in storing energy that is used in nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Some of the topics covered in the solutions are as follows. Electric flux due to the given point charge, $\phi =-1.0\times {{10}^{3}}N{{m}^{2}}/C$, Radius of the Gaussian surface enclosing the point charge,$r=10.0cm$. The electrostatic force on a small sphere of charge $0.4\mu C$ due to another small sphere of charge $-0.8\mu C$ in air is 0.2N. A successful way of describing nuclear interactions is to construct one potential for the whole nucleus instead of considering all its nucleon components. The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2+ instead of +2.However, the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the In quantum field theory, forcessuch as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two chargescan be thought of as due to the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. Show that the total charge on the outside surface of A is $Q+q$ [Fig. Substituting the known values into the above expression, we get, $F=\frac{9\times {{10}^{9}}\times {{(6.5\times {{10}^{-7}})}^{2}}}{{{(0.5)}^{2}}}=1.52\times {{10}^{-2}}N$. 30. SZENSEI'S SUBMISSIONS: This page shows a list of stories and/or poems, that this author has published on Literotica. 1 Protons and neutrons are therefore viewed as the same particle, but with different isospin quantum numbers; conventionally, the proton is isospin up, while the neutron is isospin down. Adamson, A.P. The G values are additive and approximately a linear function of the charges, the interaction of e.g. Therefore, the number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene would be$1.87\times {{10}^{12}}$. His health suffered setbacks during the three years he spent in Martinique that would affect him for the rest of his life. This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 20:43. {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{r^{5}}}} Note: The following list gives the isoelectric point at 25C for selected materials in water. If you get stuck at any point, you should immediately get your doubts cleared. a) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve. ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Another consequence of its structure is that water is a polar molecule. A bar magnet suspended in Earths magnetic field orients itself in a northsouth direction. E (image will be uploaded soon) We could infer that the given ratio is the ratio of electrical force to the gravitational force between a proton and an electron when the distance between them is kept constant. The atoms, molecules or ions that make up solids may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Later these relationships were named after him as Coulomb's law. Before that time, the strong nuclear force referred to the inter-nucleon potential. What is $E$ in the outer region of the first plate? [10], Spreading of electric charge due to presence of other charges, Demonstration of induction, in the 1870s. Amino acids that make up proteins may be positive, negative, neutral, or polar in nature, and together give a protein its overall charge. Isoelectric focusing is also the first step in 2-D gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This further suggests that all the electric lines of force around the null point act inwards and towards the given null point. A simple example of this system is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign separated by some typically small distance. Two- and three-nucleon potentials have been implemented for nuclides up to A=12. Buffers of various pH can be used for this purification process to change the pH of the environment. Now, when the sphere $C$ is made to touch the sphere $B$, there is a similar transfer of charge making both $C$ and $B$ to have equal charges in them. (A permanent electric dipole is called an electret.) The solution PDFs and other study materials such as important questions and revision notes can also be downloaded from the Vedantuapp as well for free of cost. Thus, the vertical deflection of the particle at the far edge of the plate is $\frac{qE{{L}^{2}}}{2m{{v}_{x}}^{2}}$. Heisenberg's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a "major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system". In this solution, students are provided with an answer to the electric field at the midpoint of two charged points suspended in the vacuum. 11. (A permanent electric dipole is called an electret.) There was substantial progress in experiment and theory related to the nuclear force in the 1960s and 1970s. Ans: No, the net flux entering out through a body depends on the net charge contained within the body according to Gausss law. The atom that loses the electrons becomes a positively charged ion (cation), while the one that gains them This technique allows a thorough separation of proteins as distinct "spots", with proteins of high molecular weight and low Ip migrating to the upper-left part of the bidimensional gel, while proteins with low molecular weight and high Ip locate to the bottom-right region of the same gel. Are you preparing for Exams? The first question of the exercise helps students to identify the force between two charged spheres suspended at certain distances apart in the air. Nanmoins, mme si ces interactions sont dcrites dans un cadre commun, les intensits des trois forces, appeles aussi constantes de couplage, ne sont pas les mmes. If a positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object, the electrons in each molecule are attracted toward it, and move to the side of the molecule facing the charge, while the positive nuclei are repelled and move slightly to the opposite side of the molecule. An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative charges found in any electromagnetic system. Therefore, the charge inside the conductor is zero. It can be either between same charges (repulsive, this means they repel each other) or between opposite charges (attractive, this means that they both attract each other). What is the new force of repulsion between $A$ and $B$? List of Important Topics Covered under NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 Electric Charges And Fields. In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end. According to his theory, massive bosons (mesons) mediate the interaction between two nucleons. The net charge on the molecule is affected by pH of its surrounding environment and can become more positively or negatively charged due to the gain or loss, respectively, of protons (H+). So, the force on the second sphere due to the first sphere will be $0.2N$. Let O be the midpoint of line AB. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei. Therefore, we found the linear charge density to be $10\times {{10}^{-8}}C/m$. b) What is the force on the second sphere due to the first? [1] Hans Bethe identified the discovery of the deuteron's quadrupole moment as one of the important events during the formative years of nuclear physics. Charge is the fundamental property of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter with charge. 1.35 cannot possibly represent electrostatic field lines? Now, we could substitute these values in Coulombs law to get, $F'=\frac{{{q}_{A}}'{{q}_{B}}'}{4\pi {{\varepsilon }_{0}}r{{'}^{2}}}$, $\Rightarrow F=\frac{9\times {{10}^{9}}\times {{(13\times {{10}^{-7}})}^{2}}}{{{(0.25)}^{2}}}$. The other example, adenosine monophosphate is shown to illustrate the fact that a third species may, in principle, be involved. {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } Since classical times, it has been known that some materials, such as amber, attract lightweight particles after rubbing.The Greek word for amber, (lektron), was thus the source of the word 'electricity'. How can I get the NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 PDF? However, the Coulomb force between protons has a much greater range as it varies as the inverse square of the charge separation, and Coulomb repulsion thus becomes the only significant force between protons when their separation exceeds about 2 to 2.5fm. This happens due to the reason that charges are created in pairs. a Thus, the mutual force of electrostatic repulsion between the two spheres is found to be$F=1.52\times {{10}^{-2}}N$. The Force of attraction or repulsion between two charges can be measured by the Coulombs law calculator: Input: Enter the charges. A point charge of $2.0\mu C$ is kept at the centre of a cubic Gaussian surface of edge length $9cm$. Due to induction, the electrostatic potential (voltage) is constant at any point throughout a conductor. Suppose that the particle in Exercise in 1.33 is an electron projected with velocity ${{v}_{x}}=2.0\times {{10}^{6}}m{{s}^{-1}}$. a) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the line AB joining the two charges? The triboelectric effect is also the cause of static cling in clothes. This will help them to boost their score. A Pauli repulsion also occurs between quarks of the same flavour from different nucleons (a proton and a neutron). Electrokinetic phenomena generally measure zeta potential, and a zero zeta potential is interpreted as the point of zero net charge at the shear plane. As a result of which wool becomes positively charged on losing electrons and polythene becomes negatively charged on gaining them. $\left( g=9.81m{{s}^{-2}},e=1.60\times {{10}^{-19}}C \right)$. He thought that the attraction and repulsion were due to different kinds of fluids. The density of the oil is. Thus, the PZC refers to the absence of any type of surface charge, while the IEP refers to a state of neutral net surface charge. The van der Waals force A.W. Ans: The given statement Electric charge of a body is quantized means that only the integral number $(1,2,3,,n)$ of electrons can be transferred from one body to another. 22. So, quantization is considered insignificant at a macroscopic scale for an electric charge and electric charges are considered continuous. The constants are determined empirically. Determine the net flux of the uniform electric field of Exercise 1.15 through a cube having a side equal to 20 cm, that is oriented in a manner such that its faces are parallel to the coordinate planes. Total charge on the surface of the sphere, $Q=\text{Charge density }\times \text{ Surface area}$, $\Rightarrow \text{Q}=\sigma \times \text{4}\pi {{\text{r}}^{2}}=80\times {{10}^{-6}}\times 4\times 3.14\times {{\left( 1.2 \right)}^{2}}$. This happens due to the reason that charges are created in pairs. For brevity, this article uses pI.The net charge on the molecule is affected by pH of its surrounding environment and can become more All the solutions are designed to help students to develop a better understanding of the concepts of Electric Charges and Fields. Ans: The field lines shown in (e) do not represent electrostatic field lines because electric field lines do not form closed loops. The electric dipole moment of the system could be given by, $P=\mathop{q}_{A}\times d=\mathop{q}_{B}\times d$, $\Rightarrow P=2.5\times {{10}^{-7}}\times 0.3$. Vedantus NCERT Solution PDF for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 consists of 34 questions to help students gain command over this topic. Such forces between atoms are much weaker than the attractive electrical forces that hold the atoms themselves together (i.e., that bind electrons to the nucleus), and their range between atoms is shorter, because they arise from small separation of charges inside the neutral atom. $\Rightarrow Ene=\frac{4}{3}\pi {{r}^{2}}\rho \times g$, $q$ is the net charge on the oil drop $=ne$, $m$ is the mass of the oil drop $=\text{Volume of the oil drop}\times \text{Density of oil}$\[=\frac{4}{3}\pi {{r}^{3}}\times p\], Therefore, radius of the oil drop can be calculated as, \[\Rightarrow r=\sqrt{\frac{3\times 2.55\times {{10}^{4}}\times 12\times 1.6\times {{10}^{-19}}}{4\times 3.14\times 1.26\times {{10}^{3}}\times 9.81}}\], \[\Rightarrow r=\sqrt{946.09\times {{10}^{-21}}}\], \[\Rightarrow r=9.72\times {{10}^{-10}}m\]. The nuclear force (or nucleonnucleon interaction, residual strong force, or, historically, strong nuclear force) is a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms.Neutrons and protons, both nucleons, are affected by the nuclear force almost identically. Trade to Territory Class 8 Chapter 2 Social Science Notes - Revision Notes FREE Pdf, NCERT Solutions (In Hindi) for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14 Biomolecules In Hindi, NCERT Solutions for Class 2 Maths Chapter 7 Jugs and Mugs - Free PDF, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Maths Chapter 5 Understanding Elementary Shapes (Ex 5.1) Exercise 5.1, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 5 Data Handling (EX 5.2) Exercise 5.2, NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Hindi Vasant Chapter 1 Vah Pakshee Jo, Matter in Our Surroundings - NCERT Solutions of Chapter 8 (Science) for Class 9, Class 10 NCERT Solutions for Science Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter-1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Kshitij Chapter 1 - Surdas ke Pad. 0.7 [15] At pH values above the IEP, the predominant surface species is M-O, while at pH values below the IEP, M-OH2+ species predominate. Ans: The given nature of metal plates is represented in the figure below: Here, A and B are two parallel plates kept close to each other. It helps them to ace in competitive exams like JEE as well as in their 12th board exams. Charged objects will also attract small, uncharged objects. The force is along the straight line joining the two charges. We are given that all the faces of the cube are parallel to the coordinate planes. Ans: Firstly, let us consider a conductor with a cavity or a hole as shown in the diagram below. The number of excess electrons on the oil drop, \[n=12\], Electric field intensity, $E=2.55\times {{10}^{4}}N{{C}^{-1}}$, The density of oil, $\rho =1.26gm/c{{m}^{3}}=1.26\times {{10}^{3}}kg/{{m}^{3}}$, Acceleration due to gravity, $g=9.81m{{s}^{-2}}$, Charge on an electron $e=1.60\times {{10}^{-19}}C$. Electrostatic induction, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America, is a redistribution of electric charge in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges. Electric flux could be given by the relation. Biological amphoteric molecules such as proteins contain both acidic and basic functional groups. [14][15] This electrical property of the deuteron had been interfering with the measurements by the Rabi group. Now the repulsive force at O due to charge at A, ${{F}_{AO}}=k\frac{{{q}_{A}}{{q}_{O}}}{O{{A}^{2}}}=k\frac{\left( +2\mu C \right)\left( 1\mu C \right)}{{{\left( 5\sqrt{2} \right)}^{2}}}$ (1). is the unit vector in the outward normal direction. The atoms, molecules or ions that make up solids may be arranged in an orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. This results in a region of negative charge on the object nearest to the external charge, and a region of positive charge on the part away from it. Here, k e or K is the Coulomb constant (k e 8.988 10 9 Nm 2 C 2), q 1 and q 2 are the signed magnitudes of the charges, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. This change in the distribution of charge in a molecule due to an external electric field is called induced polarization,[7] and the polarized molecules are called dipoles. So, the particles 1 and 2 that move towards the positively charged plate while repelling away from the negatively charged plate would be negatively charged and the particle 3 that moves towards the negatively charged plate while repelling away from the positively charged plate would be positively charged. Unlike poles of The first chapter of Class 12 Physics is Electric charges and Fields. 33. are often used to show that an object is charged: a charged rod can pick up small pieces of paper a charged balloon can stick to the wall by attraction Due to the difference in electronegativity, a bond dipole moment points from each H to the O, making the oxygen partially negative and each hydrogen partially positive. Now, this field is actually a superposition of the field due to the cavity ${{E}_{1}}$ and the field due to the rest of the charged conductor ${{E}_{2}}$. fm But when the test charge tries to displace in a direction normal to the line joining the two charges, the test charge gets pulled off as there is no restoring force along the normal to the line considered. 21. magnetic force, attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles because of their motion. Go through the below link to recap all the important formulas in the Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 Electric Charges And Fields. Charges on spheres $A$ and $B$ are equal, ${{q}_{A}}={{q}_{B}}=6.5\times {{10}^{-7}}C$. ($\left| e \right|=1.6\times {{10}^{-19}}C,{{m}_{e}}=9.1\times {{10}^{-31}}kg$ ). If, while it is close to the positive charge, the above object is momentarily connected through a conductive path to electrical ground, which is a large reservoir of both positive and negative charges, some of the negative charges in the ground will flow into the object, under the attraction of the nearby positive charge. However, the net charge of the body being zero only implies that the body has equal amount of positive and negative charges and thus, we cannot conclude that there were no charges inside the box. So, ${{q}_{A}}'={{q}_{C}}=\frac{1}{2}(6.5\times {{10}^{-7}})=3.25\times {{10}^{-7}}C$. Are the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 sufficient for the exam preparation? For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the F is the force experienced by the test charge. So, the force experienced by the test charge would be F, $\Rightarrow F=1.5\times {{10}^{-9}}\times 5.4\times {{10}^{6}}$. As the charge doesnt jump from one point to the other, field lines will not have sudden breaks. From the figure we find the diagonals to be. If another charged object is moved into the electric field, a force acts on it. It is the best guide to understand the concepts. 17. Now, the wire is taken so long that it ends from $-\frac{\pi }{2}$ to $+\frac{\pi }{2}$. Ans: An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve as the charge experiences a continuous force on being placed in an electric field. The size of the force varies inversely as the square of the distance between the two charges. This induction effect is reversible; if the nearby charge is removed, the attraction between the positive and negative internal charges causes them to intermingle again. Complete transfer of electrons takes place in such bondings. 3. An infinite line charge produces a field of magnitude $9\times {{10}^{4}}N/C$ at a distance of $2cm$. Thus, the electric field just outside the conductor is $\frac{\sigma }{{{\varepsilon }_{0}}}\overset{\wedge }{\mathop{n}}\,$. He also did important work on friction. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles.The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e; we say that electric charge is quantized. NCERT Solutions for Electric Charges and Fields Class 12: Question-Wise Explanations, Important Questions on 12th Physics Chapter 1, Physics Class 12 Chapter 1: Marks Weightage, Advantages of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1, Yes, the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 is sufficient for the exam preparation. Thus in the gas phase, the concentration of the neutral species, glycine (GlyH), is effectively 100% of the analytical glycine concentration. The discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons. Quatre interactions lmentaires sont responsables de tous les phnomnes physiques observs dans l'Univers, chacune se manifestant par une force dite force fondamentale.Ce sont l'interaction nuclaire forte, l'interaction lectromagntique, l'interaction faible et l'interaction gravitationnelle. Output: The coulombs law calculator do the following calculations: It find the force of attraction or repulsion between to charges Enter the distance between the charges; Hit the calculate button to find force. (Generally, forces within a system of particles can be more simply modeled by describing the system's potential energy; the negative gradient of a potential is equal to the vector force.) [citation needed]. The north-seeking pole of such a magnet, or any similar pole, is called a north magnetic pole. What are the Subtopics of the Chapter Electric Charges and Fields? Hence, if the radius of the Gaussian surface is doubled, then the flux passing through the surface remains the same i.e., $-{{10}^{3}}N{{m}^{2}}/C$. Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis It is now believed that protons and neutrons (which constitute nuclei of ordinary matter) are themselves built out of more elementary units called quarks. [25] Significantly higher IEP values (pH 6 to 8) have been reported for 3Al2O3-2SiO2 by others. and where the potential is given in units of MeV. Here, G is the gravitational constant which has its unit $N{{m}^{2}}k{{g}^{-2}}$; ${{m}_{e}}$and ${{m}_{p}}$ are the masses of electron and proton in $kg$ respectively; $k$ is a constant given by $k=\frac{1}{4\pi {{\varepsilon }_{0}}}$. The solutions are created in light of the latest CBSE guidelines that help students to secure better marks. On a macroscopic scale or large-scale, the number of charges is as large as the magnitude of an electric charge. is the gradient (rate of change) of the electrostatic potential In the common case when the surface charge-determining ions are H+/HO, the net surface charge is affected by the pH of the liquid in which the solid is submerged. Students who seek the NCERT solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 find it helpful for various reasons. There are only strong attractions when the total isospin of the set of interacting particles is 0, which is confirmed by experiment.[7]. Most of the various left-hand and right-hand rules arise from the fact that the three axes of three-dimensional space have two possible orientations. The hanging rod turns towards the other rod. The outer surface of conductor A has a charge of $Q$. This repulsion is responsible for the size of nuclei, since nucleons can come no closer than the force allows. He also received a good education in mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and botany. The electrostatic potential or voltage between two points is defined as the energy (work) required to move a small positive charge through an electric field between the two points, divided by the size of the charge. carbon dioxide).A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. If the pI is greater than the pH, the molecule will have a positive charge. Such a bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom. When an electric charge q is held in the vicinity of another charge Q, q either experience a force of attraction or repulsion. {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } Ans: Rubbing two objects would produce charges that are equal in magnitude and opposite in nature on the two bodies. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. . Substituting these values into the required ratio, we get, $\frac{k{{e}^{2}}}{G{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{p}}}=\frac{9\times {{10}^{9}}\times {{\left( 1.6\times {{10}^{-19}} \right)}^{2}}}{6.67\times {{10}^{-11}}\times 9.1\times {{10}^{-3}}\times 1.67\times {{10}^{-22}}}$, $\Rightarrow \frac{k{{e}^{2}}}{G{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{p}}}\approx 2.3\times {{10}^{39}}$. At short distances (less than 1.7fm or so), the attractive nuclear force is stronger than the repulsive Coulomb force between protons; it thus overcomes the repulsion of protons within the nucleus. This is because the charge is not enclosed within the respective plates. [further explanation needed] Similarly, even though nucleons are made of quarks in combinations which cancel most gluon forces (they are "color neutral"), some combinations of quarks and gluons nevertheless leak away from nucleons, in the form of short-range nuclear force fields that extend from one nucleon to another nearby nucleon. Also, NCERT Solutions to chapter 1 broadly discusses the various sub-topics covered in this chapter. These types of bonds are usually for when there is an appreciable difference in electronegativities of two atoms. What is the first chapter of Class 12 Physics?
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