We again examined the extent to which the CMQ predicted each of the 33 specific conspiracy beliefs and in line with the previous findings found medium-sized to strong correlations, ranging from 0.32 to 0.68 (all ps < 0.001). [1] It is most effective in situations where an answer readily exists and simply needs to be either recalled or worked out through decision making strategies. Sci. So, how many different kinds of intelligence are there? Individuals differ not only in the degree to which they believe in specific conspiracy theories, but also in their general susceptibility to explanations based on such theories, that is, their conspiracy mentality. de Bono's six thinking hats is a method for guiding team creative thinking smoothly. This means that the process of this type of thinking is one of reflection of existing knowledge, action and precise result in a situation that requires a quick and logical process, using all available information. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. We present the Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ), an Soc. 24, 749761. For detailed analyses of these ratings, see Imhoff and Bruder (in press). Psychol. Palaeontology is often grouped with earth science. Our analyses concerning the measurement equivalence of the CMQ across its three language versions provided initial support for the idea that it is possible to assess conspiracy mentality across different cultures. In addition to replicating the internal structure of the CMQ and its association with paranoid ideation, Study 3 also aimed at confirming the association between conspiracy mentality and schizotypy using a different measure of a schizotypal personality disposition. However, it is important to note that it is used more when there are difficult situations that require concentration such as making important decisions where thinking has to be critical, analytical and reflective. Not taking risks, playing it safe and having a result that is 100% correct is what is always sought after in this way of thinking. Using this way of thinking can also overshadow minorities who have a more Divergent Thinking style as in the end the person with the logical thinking will always make the precise decision for problem solving, forgetting the voice of others. Individual differences in conspiracy mentality have important consequences as they predict prejudice against powerful societal groups (Imhoff and Bruder, in press). In evolutionary developmental biology the different processes of development can play a role in how a specific organism reaches its current body plan. But according to singularism, not all thoughts about objects are mediated by thoughts about their properties. Dual-process theories provide an architecture for the interaction between intuitive (type 1) and deliberate (type 2) thinking. Items assessing the belief in specific conspiracy theories covered, for example, conspiracies concerning assassinations (e.g., Princess Dianas death was an assassination rather than an accident.), alien landings (e.g., There are specialized government services who attempt to harass UFO witnesses into silence.), technological developments (e.g., A cure for most forms of cancer has already been found, but medical circles prefer to continue to extract research funding from governments and keep their findings secret.), and secret activities of powerful organizations (e.g., The Vatican Bank in Rome has close links to the Mafia.). Finally, the CMQ predicted beliefs in specific conspiracy theories over and above other individual difference measures. Linear and Non-Linear Thinking. 5. Dropout was independent of CMQ scores at t1, t(175) = 1.07, p = 0.28. Methods Res. (3) The findings concerning the CMQs predictive validity are highly consistent throughout all four studies. Attesting to the convergent validity of the CMQ, it was very highly correlated with the Conspiracy Mentality Scale (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). 26, 195218. Individuals differ not only in the degree to which they believe in specific conspiracy theories, but also in their general susceptibility to explanations based on such theories, that is, their conspiracy mentality. A., and Galinsky, A. D. (2008). J. Acquir. Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as the journals Systematic Biology, Molecular Biology and Evolution and its sister journal Genome Biology and Evolution, and Cladistics. New York, NY: Harper. Brislin, R. W. (1970). [34] Current research seeks to determine this. Likewise, the relationship between pollinating insects like bees and flowering plants, herbivores and plants, are also some common examples. In line with Darwin et al.s (2011) findings, we also did not observe strong support for systematic sex differences, although the findings revealed that the hypothesis of womens greater tendency to belief in conspiracy theories held in our US sample (despite a small effect size). Personality. A person who studies Evolutionary biology is called an Evolutionary biologist. On the John F. Kennedy assassination: biased assimilation of evidence and attitude polarization. Individuals with chronic illnesses, especially those that can recur throughout a lifetime, are at greater risk of antibiotic resistance than others. According to descriptivism, we can only think about objects by thinking about the properties which they instantiate. This finding illustrates the potential complementarity of our measure with other, more detailed and culture-dependent measures of conspiracy beliefs. When a student contemplates the possible answers available, they use convergent thinking to weigh alternatives within a construct. This thinking style was described and developed by psychologist Joy Paul Guilford, who studied human intelligence. 53, 648655. The conspiracy mentality, in Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy, eds C. F. Graumann and S. Moscovici (New York, NY: Springer), 151169. von Collani, G. (2002). Big Five personality dimensions were assessed using the Big Five inventory (BFI-K; Rammstedt and John, 2005; example item: I am rather reserved, shy). Belief in conspiracy theories: the influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. Equ. [8], Convergent and divergent thinking depend on the locus coeruleus neurotransmission system,[9][10][11] which modulates noradrenaline levels in the brain. This resulted in a final sample of N = 7,673 participants (4,919 men, 2,694 women, 60 unreported) between the age of 18 and 67 years (M = 29.1, SD = 10.2). Convergent thinking emphasizes speed, accuracy, and logic and focuses on recognizing the familiar, reapplying techniques, and accumulating stored information. So, how many different kinds of intelligence are there? 10, 263282. It is our (the Twentieth) century which has established conspiracy as a system of thought and a method of action (Moscovici, 1987, p. 153). In particular, whereas the CMQs correlation with the Conspiracy Mentality Scale was 0.82, all other correlations were smaller than 0.54 (most of them substantially so). Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., and Epley, N. (2010). Progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. van de Vijver, F., and Hambleton, R. K. (1996). This term is used to distinguish them from Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. 44, 10291037. Operant conditioning is something you may immediately recognize in your own life, whether it is in your approach to teaching your children good behavior or in training the family dog. Note: Response formats for each item in the respective language can be found beneath item wordings. E. Villalba, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017 Conclusions. Activities which promote divergent thinking include creating lists of questions, setting aside time for thinking and meditation, brainstorming, subject mapping, bubble mapping, keeping a journal, playing tabletop role-playing games,[1] creating artwork, and free writing. We calculated correlation coefficients between participants conspiracy mentality as measured by the CMQ and their tendency to make unusual experiences (r = 0.53), to be cognitively disorganized (r = 0.42), and to engage in paranoid ideation (r = 0.50; all ps < 0.001). Methods 1, 130149. Each time a new variable was entered into the model (inclusion criterion p < 0.05), the significance of already entered variables was re-examined. Divergent thinking is employed when an individual is faced with an open-ended task (examples were given earlierHow can a brick be used?). Psychol. While classical conditioning could account for respondent behaviors, Skinner realized that it could not account for a great deal of learning. [1] A critical aspect of convergent thinking is that it leads to a single best answer, leaving no room for ambiguity. Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. When compared with a control group who was resting, both convergent and divergent thinking produced significant desynchronization of the Alpha 1,2 rhythms. The successful generation of the hypothesis during divergent thinking performance seems to induce positive emotions which, in part, can be due to the increase of complexity and performance measures of creative thinking, Psycho-inter-hemispheric coherence. Sci. Studies 24 are concerned with the convergent and discriminant validity of the CMQ with other individual differences measures. Divergent thinking tests represent a performance-based measure of such. Screen plot for exploratory factor analysis for each of the three language versions (Study 1a). The problem is that when one is dealing with more complex problems, the individual may not be able to appropriately rank the solutions available to them. Some may occur Conspiracy mentality was strongly (0.40 < r < 0.50) associated with paranoid ideation and the total score of the PBS (mainly driven by a strong correlation with psi beliefs). 6. Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life. Third, the Paranoid Ideation Scale (PIS; Fenigstein and Vanable, 1992) consists of 20 statements and measures paranoid experiences and beliefs. Hitherto, there have been two attempts to address this challenge, however, neither explicitly address the cross-cultural validity of the measurement instruments. Study 1b tests the temporal stability of the CMQ across a 2-week interval. Convergent Thinking has been criticised by different researchers as, according to them, problems can have different solutions and that these can be carried out together without having to take only one as the correct one. Dual-process theories provide an architecture for the interaction between intuitive (type 1) and deliberate (type 2) thinking. Valerie A. Thompson, in Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2014 2.4 Summary. 11171133. Participants then provided demographic information and proceeded to the main questionnaire page starting with the following instructions: For each of the statements below, please use the respective rating scale to indicate how likely it is in your opinion that the statement is true. Social dominance orientation was assessed with the German adaptation (von Collani, 2002) of the original 16-item Social Dominance Orientation scale (Pratto et al., 1994; = 0.89; example item: To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups.). In Study 1a and three subsequent studies, we then examine the validity of the scale in predicting beliefs in 33 specific conspiracy theories. Study 3 replicated the findings of Study 2 with respect to the association between conspiracy mentality and paranoid ideation and schizotypy in a non-student sample. In the measurement equivalence model, factor loadings were constraint to be equal across groups. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Following divergent thinking, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking, which follows a particular set of logical steps to arrive at one solution, which in some cases is a "correct" solution. 3, 767773. Convergent thinking is a fundamental tool in a child's education.Today, most educational opportunities are tied to one's performance on standardized tests that are often multiple choice in nature. As such, a conspiracy mentality then describes the general propensity to subscribe to theories blaming a conspiracy of ill-intending individuals or groups for important societal phenomena or, in more abstract terms, the tendency to subscribe to general conspiracist beliefs (Swami et al., 2010). Grzesiak-Feldman, M. (2013). In particular, a number of studies have shown that subcultures within national groups are differentially prone to belief in conspiracy theories. Although we acknowledge that this potential problem must be carefully monitored when extending the use of the scale to further, possibly non-democratic, countries, the level of content provided still allowed for measurement equivalence across the language versions. The construct was measured using a 7-item scale ( = 0.74). Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.Simply, it is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Future investigations into this topic should focus more upon the developmental, cognitive and perpetual aspects of personality among divergent and convergent thinkers, rather than their attitude structures. As far as sex is concerned, Darwin et al. Have you ever taken an IQ Test? Small-to-medium correlations (all |rs| < 0.25) also existed with powerlessness, anomia, social dominance orientation, perceived socio-political control, and agreeableness. Thorson, J. For example, biologists try to infer which genes have been under strong selection by detecting selective sweeps.[33]. Further, conspiracy beliefs are powerful predictors of critical health behaviors such as adherence to medication regimens (Bogart et al., 2010) and vaccination uptake (Kata, 2010). First, the study contained the same 38 items as Study 1a assessing (a) participants conspiracy mentality (CMQ; = 0.85) and (b) their beliefs in specific conspiracy theories using the same 11-point response scales. Death anxiety was assessed using the five highest-loading items (items 2, 3, 12, 14, 18) of the first factor of the Revised Death Anxiety Scale (RDAS; Thorson and Powell, 1992; = 0.92; example item: The idea of never thinking again after I die frightens me). By removing an unpleasant stimulus (the final test), students are, If you fail to hand in a project on time, your boss becomes angry and berates your performance in front of your co-workers. Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. By making access to scientific knowledge simple and affordable, self-development becomes attainable for everyone, including you! (in press) have themselves argued, for most purposes, it will be sufficient to establish an overall score measuring the tendency to engage in conspiracist ideation. This term is used to distinguish them from The items of this instrument not only avoid mentioning any specific alleged conspiracy, but also do not name any specific groups that may be responsible for a conspiracy (example item: Most people do not recognize to what extent our life is determined by conspiracies that are concocted in secret). Operant conditioning relies on a fairly simple premise: Actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future. Grzesiak-Feldman, M., and Ejsmont, A. His theory was heavily influenced by the work of psychologistEdward Thorndike, who had proposed what he called thelaw of effect. 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