[317] When recognizing the Armenian genocide in April 2015, Pope Francis added, "concealing or denying evil is like allowing a wound to keep bleeding without bandaging it". [62][63][64], The 1912 First Balkan War resulted in the loss of almost all of the empire's European territory[65] and the mass expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans. [330][331] The Armenian genocide is also widely denied by Azerbaijani civil society. [226] Historians who recognized the genocide feared professional retaliation for expressing their views. YEREVAN, OCTOBER 27, ARMENPRESS. [221], In April 2001, a Turkish newspaper quoted foreign minister Shimon Peres as saying, "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. In Turkey, it is illegal to mention the Armenian Genocide and children are socialised from a young age into a supposed nationalist view. [259] In line with the CUP's justification of its actions, denialist works portray Armenians as an existential threat to the empire in a time of war, while rejecting the CUP's intent to exterminate the Armenian people. The Turkish government maintains that the mass deportation of Armenians was a legitimate action to combat an existential threat to the empire, but that there was no intention to exterminate the Armenian people. [327] There have been two major attempts at Turkish-Armenian reconciliationthe Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (20002004) and the Zurich Protocols (2009)both of which failed partly because of the controversy over the Armenian genocide. "The United States, the state of Utah and the University of Utah (as a state entity) recognize the historical events of 1915 as the Armenian genocide. [96] Armenian civil servants were dismissed from their posts in late 1914 and early 1915. By 1925, people in 49 countries were organizing "Golden Rule Sundays" during which they consumed the diet of Armenian refugees, to raise money for humanitarian efforts. [227], Armenian ability to adapt and survive was greater than the perpetrators expected. [197] Although Armenian women tried to avoid sexual violence, suicide was often the only alternative. [228][247] Beyond that, there have been several controversies about academic integrity relating to denial of the genocide. Armenian Americans again called on Pennsylvania Senate candidate Dr. Mehmet Oz to end his complicity in Turkey's Armenian Genocide denial, at a protest organized by the ANC of Pennsylvania (ANC-PA), timed with the televised debate between Dr. Oz and his opponent, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor John Fetterman, ANCA reported. . In part due to his memories of the Armenian genocide, Morgenthau Jr. was a key advocate for the establishment of the War Refugee Board which rescued . [31], In mid-April, after Ottoman leaders had decided to commit genocide,[33] Armenians barricaded themselves in the eastern city of Van. [242] In 2009, the University of Utah opened its "Turkish Studies Project", funded by the Turkish Coalition of America (TCA) and led by M. Hakan Yavuz, with Elekda on the advisory board. [71][72][73], The Ottoman government in Constantinople held courts-martial of a handful of perpetrators in 1919 to appease Western powers. Genocide Denial Light. [3], Genocide denial is the minimization of an event established as genocide, either by denying the facts or by denying the intent of the perpetrators. They accuse imperialist powers of manipulating the Armenians to undermine the empire, and allege that the Armenians committed treason or presented a threat. The background to the massacres lay in increasing racial, religious, and cultural clashes between both communities under Ottoman rule. [334], Azerbaijan state propaganda claims that the Armenians have perpetrated a genocide against Azeris over two centuries, a genocide that includes the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), Baku Commune, the January 1990 deployment of Soviet troops to Baku (following the massacres of Armenians in Baku), and especially the 1992 Khojali massacre. ), The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in Middle East, The Young Turks Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History, The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 19151916, They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else: A History of the Armenian Genocide, Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 17892009, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 19131950, The Ottoman Legacy of the Turkish Republic: An Attempt at a New Periodization, Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide, https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Turkey-Armenian-Reconciliation-2002-English.pdf, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-prime-minister-mr_-recep-tayyip-erdogan-published-a-message-on-the-events-of-1915.en.mfa, http://civilnet.am/2014/12/23/selahattin-demirtas-kurds-armenian-genocide-1915-democracy-turkey-english/#.Vcm9QPmqqkp. [103] After the 1918 armistice, incriminating documents in the Ottoman archives were systematically destroyed. They had to convert to Islam or face deportation to another area. "useRatesEcommerce": false, This therefore highlights the risk in recognising Armenian genocide for foreign nations. [9][10] The Ottoman Empire effectively treated Armenians and other non-Muslims as second-class citizens under Islamic rule, even after the nineteenth-century Tanzimat reforms intended to equalize their status. The annual commemoration day for the genocide is April 24th, 1915, the date held by many scholars to mark the start Armenian Genocide which began with the arrests of Armenian political and communal leaders in Istanbul and throughout the Ottoman Empire. [264][265][266] Proponents cite the doctrine of military necessity and attribute collective guilt to all Armenians for the military resistance of some, despite the fact that the law of war criminalizes the deliberate killing of civilians. [171] More than 500,000 Armenians passed through the Firincilar plain south of Malatya, one of the deadliest areas during the genocide. The Armenian Genocide stands out, perhaps, not so much for its scale or particular brutalitythough these were certainly sizablebut for the Turkish republic's long-standing denial of its occurrence, or scale, or the intentions of those behind it. [267][268] Deaths are blamed on factors beyond the control of the Ottoman authorities, such as weather, disease, or rogue local officials. Together with the mass murder and expulsion of Syriac and Greek Orthodox Christians, it enabled the creation of an ethnonationalist Turkish state. [285], The victorious nationalists subsequently declared the Republic of Turkey in 1923. [332] Many Armenians saw a connection between the genocide and later anti-Armenian violence like the 1988 Sumgait pogrom, though the connection between the Karabakh conflict and the Armenian genocide is mostly made by Azerbaijani elites. [12] In the mid-1890s, state-sponsored Hamidian massacres killed at least 100,000 Armenians, and in 1909, the authorities failed to prevent the Adana massacre, which resulted in the death of some 17,000 Armenians. Nomadic Kurds committed many atrocities during the genocide, but settled Kurds only rarely did so. See if you can do it. That the number of Armenians who died was 300,000 or fewer, perhaps no more than 100,000. ". [192][326] Although Armenia was willing to normalize relations without preconditions, Turkey demanded that the Armenian side abandon all support for the recognition efforts of the Armenian diaspora. [236][237] On 24May 1915, the Triple Entente (Russia, Britain, and France) formally condemned the Ottoman Empire for "crimes against humanity and civilization", and threatened to hold the perpetrators accountable. [246] Both contemporaries[247][248] and later historians have estimated that around 1million Armenians died during the genocide,[3][249] with figures ranging from 600,000 to 1.5 million deaths. [139][140], Deportation amounted to a death sentence; the authorities planned for and intended the death of the deportees. [141][142][143] Since the 1980s, textbooks discuss the "events of 1915", but deflect the blame from the Ottoman government to other actors. [88], Wartime requisitions were often corrupt and arbitrary, and disproportionately targeted Greeks and Armenians. Burn their houses and their churches. [204], Historian Donald Bloxham states that, "In a very real sense, 'genocide denial' was accepted and furthered by the United States government before the term genocide had even been coined. "[227] In 2000, Elekda admitted the statement had become useless because none of the original signatories besides Justin McCarthy would agree to sign another, similar declaration. [254] Ottoman troops withdrew from parts of Armenia following the October 1918 Armistice of Mudros. The Turkish denial has a damaging impact on Armenian people by making them live in a world where their suffering is overlooked by those who committed the genocide. [59][60][61] There was significant continuity between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey, and the Republican People's Party was the successor of the Committee of Union and Progress that carried out the genocide. Obama and the denial of Genocide. A new policy announced by the UK Government proposes to relocate refugees who enter the UK without authorisation to Rwanda, presenting a potential risk to the Human Rights Act. [26] A few Ottoman Armenian soldiers defected to Russiaseized upon by both the CUP and later deniers as evidence of Armenian treacherybut the Armenian volunteers in the Russian army were mostly Russian Armenians. [154][155] Many still consider Armenians to be a fifth column. [21] Hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees fled to Anatolia as a result of the wars; many were resettled in the Armenian-populated eastern provinces and harbored resentment against Christians. Despite the few countries that understand the oppression Armenians have been through, there is still an unsettling pathway for the future towards recognition. His actions were described as "subversion of scholarship";[248] he later said it was a mistake to have written the letter. Neither the ECHR ruling and nor the file we have presented as third party concerns itself with the historical reality of the 1915-1917 massacres or their precise legal definition. As of 2022[update], 33 countries have recognized the events as genocide, which is also the academic consensus. [102][103] Reports of local incidents such as weapons caches, severed telegraph lines, and occasional killings confirmed preexisting beliefs about Armenian treachery and fueled paranoia among CUP leaders that a coordinated Armenian conspiracy was plotting against the empire. They claim the death toll is exaggerated or attribute the deaths to other factors, such as a purported civil war, disease, bad weather, rogue local officials, or bands of Kurds and outlaws. Ottoman Empire, 1918-20. [309][308] The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) overturned the verdict in Perinek v. Switzerland on freedom of speech grounds. "[4] Denial is usually accompanied by "rhetoric of Armenian treachery, aggression, criminality, and territorial ambition."[5]. Instead, Lausanne granted impunity to all perpetrators. "[205][206] In interwar Turkey, prominent American diplomats like Mark L. Bristol and Joseph Grew endorsed the Turkish nationalist view that the Armenian genocide was a war against the forces of imperialism. [107] By the twenty-first century, the Turkish Historical Society, known for publications upholding the official position of the Turkish government, had as one of its main functions the countering of genocide claims. [28], Russia's decisive victory in the 18771878 war forced the Ottoman Empire to cede parts of eastern Anatolia, the Balkans, and Cyprus. [90] At least 10 percent of Ottoman Armenians were mobilized, leaving their communities bereft of fighting-age men and therefore largely unable to organize armed resistance to deportation in 1915. Overall, the genocide resulted in the mass killing, rape, and torture of Armenians. [58] Although the massacres went unpunished, the ARF continued to hope that reforms to improve security and restore lands were forthcoming, until late 1912, when they broke with the CUP and appealed to the European powers. [102] Mass graves of genocide victims have also been destroyed, although many still exist. Despite whatever excuses one wants to make, failure to do so amounts to genocide denial. 21 The source cited is Kuran, Ahmed Bedevi, Harbiye Mektebinde Hrriyet Mcadelesi (stanbul: eltt, 1976), 118119Google Scholar, 159, 163. Deniers assert the CUP intended to resettle Armenians rather than kill them. [40] An estimated 100,000 to 200,000 women and children were integrated into Muslim families through such methods as forced marriage, adoption and conversion. [266] The postwar Ottoman government held the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal, by which it sought to pin the Armenian genocide onto the CUP leadership while exonerating the Ottoman Empire as a whole, therefore avoiding partition by the Allies. [19][20], From the mid-nineteenth century, Armenians faced large-scale land usurpation as a consequence of the sedentarization of Kurdish tribes and the arrival of Muslim refugees and immigrants (mainly Circassians) following the Russo-Circassian War. Resettled Muslims were spread out (typically limited to 10 percent in any area) among larger Turkish populations so that they would lose their distinctive characteristics, such as non-Turkish languages or nomadism. In 1981, the foreign ministry established a dedicated office (AGM) specifically to promote Turkey's view of the Armenian genocide. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. Embezzling beyond that was punished. The project will encourage comparative, multidisciplinary perspectives on the study of denial, the production of alternative facts, and the manufacturing of controversy by merchants of doubt. The academic disciplines associated with the projects research will primarily be History, Political Science, and Philosophy. Genocide Denial. [244][245] TCA has also provided financial support to several authors including McCarthy, Michael Gunter, Ycel Gl, and Edward J. Erickson for writing books that deny the Armenian genocide. [306][311][312] Although the court did not rule on whether the events of 1915 constituted genocide, several separate opinions recognized the genocide as a historical fact. charny, one of the founders of the modern study of genocide and a strong fighter for the armenians against the denial of their genocide by the turks, does many things in this relatively short. [6] Following the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, two Islamic empiresthe Ottoman Empire and the Iranian Safavid Empirecontested Western Armenia, which was permanently separated from Eastern Armenia (held by the Safavids) by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab. In Italy, the government recognised the Armenian Genocide, further causing anger and frustration in Turkey. [151][152][153] On 21 June, Talaat ordered the deportation of all Armenians throughout the empire, even Adrianople, 2,000 kilometers (1,200mi) from the Russian front. [108][109] During the siege, Armenians in surrounding villages were massacred at Djevdet's orders. Turkey and Azerbaijan's decades of hate campaigns and active denial of the Armenian Genocide have become the catalyst for further destruction in 2020, this time the 44-day war it waged against the Armenians of the Republic of Artsakh starting on Sept. 27, 2020. [196], The rape, sexual abuse, and prostitution of Armenian women were all very common. The Armenian genocide was the systematic killing and deportation of Armenians by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. [188] Talaat Pasha personally authorized conversion of Armenians and carefully tracked the loyalty of converted Armenians until the end of the war. Israel's view of this issue has special significance and deserves an attentive study, as it is a country composed of a people who were victims of the Holocaust. [84] During its war preparations, the Ottoman government recruited thousands of prisoners to join the paramilitary Special Organization,[85] which initially focused on stirring up revolts among Muslims behind Russian lines beginning before the empire officially entered the war. The reality of state-sponsored mass killing was not denied, but many circles of society considered it necessary and justified. These examples suggest that once a country supports or recognises the suffering of Armenians as a genocide, Turkey become more frustrated. Borrowing the arguments used by the CUP to justify its actions, denial rests on the assumption that the "relocation" of Armenians was a legitimate state action in response to a real or perceived Armenian uprising that threatened the existence of the empire during wartime. This goal could not be accomplished without mass murder. [322][323] Some historians, such as Stefan Ihrig, have argued that impunity for the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide, as well as silence or justification from bystanders of the crime, emboldened the perpetrators of the Holocaust. [9] Sharia law encoded Islamic superiority but guaranteed property rights and freedom of worship to non-Muslims (dhimmis) in exchange for a special tax. 8 Suny, , They Can Live in the Desert, 358Google Scholar. [319][320][321] During the conflict, the Azerbaijani and Armenian governments have regularly accused each other of plotting genocide. )", "When is a criminal prohibition of genocide denial justified? [41][42] The state confiscated and redistributed property belonging to murdered or deported Armenians. Unlike the earlier massacres of Ottoman Armenians, in 1915 Armenians were not usually killed in their villages, to avoid destruction of property or unauthorized looting. [172] Execution sites were chosen for proximity to major roads and for rugged terrain, lakes, wells, or cisterns to facilitate the concealment or disposal of corpses. Several members of the board resigned and both the Middle East Studies Association and Turkish Studies Association criticized the violation of Quataert's academic freedom. [125][126][127] The conference represented the first major challenge to Turkey's founding myths in the public discourse of the country[127] and resulted in the creation of an alternative, non-denialist historiography by elite academics in Istanbul and Ankara, in parallel to an ongoing denialist historiography. [56] At the time, little credence was given to such statements internationally,[57] but some Muslims, previously ashamed by crimes against Armenians, changed their mind in response to propaganda about atrocities allegedly committed by Armenians. The presence of Armenians in Anatolia has been documented since the sixth century BCE, about 1,500 years before the arrival of Turkmens under the Seljuk dynasty. The US and UK military forces are supplied from Turkey, making it harder for the UK and US to declare recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as it may result in harsh consequences. From 1915-1923, in the Ottoman Empire and subsequently the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman/Kemalist government's tried to get rid of some Armenian people in the Empire. [151] The Turkish state and most of society have engaged in similar silencing regarding other ethnic persecutions and human rights violations in the Ottoman Empire and Republican Turkey against Greeks, Assyrians, Kurds, Jews and Alevis. [310] Since the ECtHR has ruled that member states may criminalize Holocaust denial, the verdict has been criticized for creating a double standard between the Holocaust and other genocides, along with failure to acknowledge anti-Armenianism as a motivation for genocide denial. 35 ngr, , The Making of Modern Turkey, 17Google Scholar. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18). Militarism, weak rule of law, lack of minority rights, and especially the belief that Turkey is constantly under threatthus justifying state violenceare among the main legacies of 1915 in Turkey. The slaughter sparked international. They posted on social media to further educate people on the Armenian Genocide and the fight for genocide recognition.
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