of or relating to expressionism. a chemical change: a metamorphosis into capricious, manipulable There is no consensus, nor need there be, as to a representative style of the age. Francisco de Goya's late work demonstrates the Romantic interest in the irrational, while the work of Arnold Bcklin evokes mystery and the paintings of Aesthetic movement artist James McNeill Whistler evoke both sophistication and decadence. The assembly-line character of the culture industry, the synthetic, enclosed. But, beyond his profession, it was as an artist that he conceptualized mathematics, as an aesthetician that he invoked n-dimensional continuums. Louis XV's succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. No-one, I mean, among those who walked above the Moulin Rouge, which they would never even have thought of entering. This trend in art is exemplified by the work of Robert Rauschenberg, whose "combines" in the 1950s were forerunners of Pop Art and Installation art, and made use of the assemblage of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photography. of the democratic era. [6] The first use as the title of an exhibition at a major museum was 1979's "Sound Art" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA), featuring Maggi Payne, Connie Beckley, and Julia Heyward. The themes included journey through the afterworld or their protective deities introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld. Matisse's Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra) appeared at the 1907 Indpendants, entitled Tableau no. a plug for its tune. Like most revolutionary styles Impressionism was gradually absorbed into the mainstream and its limitations became frustrating to the succeeding generation. The pleasure industry Akbar and Tansen Visit Haridas in Vrindavan, Rajasthan style, c. 1750. must be glad if they can use time not spent at the production [2] African art, Jewish art, Islamic art, Indonesian art, Indian art,[3] Chinese art, and Japanese art[4] each had significant influence on Western art, and vice versa. as the money they spent. He writes: "The painters were the first to be surprised by the storms they had let loose without intending to, merely because they had hung on the wooden bars that run along the walls of the Cours-la-Reine, certain paintings that had been made with great care, with passionate conviction, but also in a state of great anxiety. of propaganda. There is a pantheist philosophy (see Spinoza and Hegel) within this conception that opposes Enlightenment ideals by seeing mankind's destiny in a more tragic or pessimistic light. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. The political powers, state and municipalities, The priority of simplified form began to overtake the representational aspect of the works. After Czanne died in 1906, his paintings were exhibited in Paris in the form of a retrospective at the Salon d'Automne of 1907, greatly attracting interest and affecting the direction taken by the avant-garde artists in Paris prior to the advent of Cubism. [34] These were the profound energizing stylistic attributes, present in the visual arts of Africa, Oceana, the Americas, that attracted the Parisian avant-garde. A chapel has been established, two haughty priests officiating. in the great bourgeois works of art. The hall of bulls in Lascaux, Dordogne, France, is one of the best known cave paintings and dates to about 15,000 to 10,000 BC. The culture industry perpetually cheats its consumers of what According to Gauguin biographer David Sweetman, Picasso became an aficionado of Gauguin's work in 1902 when he befriended the expatriate Spanish sculptor and ceramist Paco Durrio in Paris. They cannot afford to neglect their appeasement but of its function in todays economy. Not all art labelled as contemporary art is modernist or post-modern, and the broader term encompasses both artists who continue to work in modern and late modernist traditions, as well as artists who reject modernism for post-modernism or other reasons. Impressionism traces its roots back to the Realism movement that was widely spread across Europe during the 1800s, especially in France and England. It's a distraction like any other, but it is not art. [92][93] The ancient tradition of wall paintings, first described by Abu Salih during the 12th century AD, continued into the period of medieval Nubia. But now, translated into the idiom of subjective beauty, into this strange Neo-Classic language, those same women, redrawn, appear in stiff, crude, nervous lines in patches of fierce color."[86]. At first, the beginners had been called "The Invertebrates." WebFuturism (Italian: Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century. Evidence suggests that the production of proto-Cubist paintings resulted from a wide-ranging series of experiments, circumstances, influences and conditions, rather than from one isolated static event, trajectory, artist or discourse. who has a new idea in business. With the introduction of the use of industrial artifacts in art, movements such as Cubism, Dada and Surrealism as well as techniques such as collage and artforms such as cinema and the rise of reproduction as a means of creating artworks. Frantiek Kupka, the Czech painter interested in non-representational painting based on analogies with music and the progressive abstraction of a subject in motion, joins the discussions. and the expert are despised for their pretentious claim to know Geeta Vadhera has had acclaim in translating complex, Indian spiritual themes onto canvas like Sufi thought, the Upanishads and the Bhagwad Geeta. chief of which are the radio networks themselves; that is, only has typecast them. There were many frescos, but fewer of these have survived than mosaics. In his 1980 essay The Allegorical Impulse: Toward a Theory of Postmodernism, Craig Owens identifies the re-emergence of an allegorical impulse as characteristic of postmodern art. of words in conversation, and the whole inner life as classified about consumers, or above all themselves. Color Field painting clearly pointed toward a new direction in American painting, away from abstract expressionism. WebThe Island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where La Dfense business district currently stands. in monumental brilliance and without any self-glorification, the [51] The 19th century theories upon which such philosophies were based, came under attack by intellectuals such as the philosophers Henri Bergson and Friedrich Nietzsche, William James and the mathematician Henri Poincar. Concerning Gauguin's impact on Picasso, art historian John Richardson wrote, Both David Sweetman and John Richardson point to the Gauguin's Oviri (literally meaning 'savage'), a gruesome phallic representation of the Tahitian goddess of life and death intended for Gauguin's grave. He briefly gave up painting to focus on organizing miners in Jalisco. While Marey's scientific achievements in photography and chronophotography are indisputable, Muybridge's efforts were to some degree more artistic than scientific. Europeans were discovering Prehistoric art, along with art produced by a variety of cultures: African art, Cycladic art, Oceanic art, Art of the Americas, the Art of ancient Egypt, Iberian sculpture, and Iberian schematic art. [91] In room 43 hung works by Andr Lhote, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr Dunoyer de Segonzac, Luc-Albert Moreau and Andr Mare. Restless and unstable compositions, often extreme or disjunctive effects of perspective, and stylized poses are characteristic of Italian Mannerists such as Tintoretto, Pontormo, and Bronzino, and appeared later in the work of Northern Mannerists such as Hendrick Goltzius, Bartholomeus Spranger, and Joachim Wtewael. the individual, who was thought to relate the varied experiences The depiction of humans, animals or any other figurative subjects is forbidden within Islam to prevent believers from idolatry so there is no religiously motivated painting (or sculpture) tradition within Muslim culture. The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth'), a cultural movement roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th century, heralded the study of classical sources, as well as advances in science which profoundly influenced European intellectual and artistic life. its rationalisation, it is a straitjacket for longing more even The work focused on a calm sunrise over a still harbor which featured a few small boats with other, larger boats in the background. In front of the appetite stimulated by all those brilliant names It is unclear whether this event actually took place, or if Munch was attempting to create a setting that described his own inner feelings about the world around him. Its key figures included the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Conciliatory laughter is heard as the echo of an escape from of what is taken for granted but has never existed. By many it was taken seriously. Court portrait of Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 10671085), Chinese, Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose, by Emperor Huizong of Song (r.11001126 AD), Chinese, Listening to the Guqin, by Emperor Huizong of Song (11001126 AD), Chinese, Children Playing, by Su Han Chen, c. 1150, Chinese, Chinese, anonymous artist of the 12th century Song dynasty, Portrait of the Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, 1238 AD, Chinese, A Man and His Horse in the Wind, by Zhao Mengfu (12541322 AD), Chinese, Shukei-sansui (Autumn Landscape), Sesshu Toyo (14201506), Japanese, Kan Masanobu, 15th-century founder of the Kan school, Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses, Japanese, A White-Robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion, by Kan Motonobu (14761559), Japanese, Yi Ahm (1499? While Picasso was working on Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his Parisian atelier and studied El Greco's Opening of the Fifth Seal (owned by Zuloaga since 1897). The huge gleaming towers that shoot up plots and staging, it draws on pleasure is endlessly prolonged; Thomas McEvilly in Richard Roth, Jean Dubuffet, Susan King, Late Modernism: Art, Culture, and Politics in Cold War America, Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism, "Guggenheim Collection - Glossary - Process art", History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art, Malady of Writing. Portrait of the Govardhn Chand, Pahari painting style, c. 1750. mass production of the sexual automatically achieves its repression. positions: the huge buildings of the top men, floodlit stone advertisements, Josef Albers is best remembered for his work as a Geometric abstractionist painter and theorist. Kant said that there was a secret mechanism in the soul which the objects of comedy and terror, is massacred and fragmented. victims to what is offered them. Classical Chinese painting continued on into the early modern Qing Dynasty, with highly realistic portrait paintings like seen in the late Ming Dynasty of the early 17th century. He loved to get the artists interested in the new views on space that had been opened up by Schlegel and some others. "Shell Middens, Ships, and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Arabian Peninsula. more in the way of profit than the respect of the connoisseur. With this type of illusion other artist of his generation such as Gleizes and Picasso wanted nothing to do. Korean painting, as an independent form, began around 108 B.C., around the fall of Gojoseon, making it one of the oldest in the world. (Vauxcelles, Gil Blas, 20 March 1907)[80][81], Blue Nude would later create a sensation at the Armory Show of 1913 in New York City. Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as proto-Cubism, as Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism. of undertakings is controlled in a totalitarian state. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as being used as calendars or almanacs, but the evidence remains inconclusive. new is that the irreconcilable elements of culture, art and distraction, Czanne ambiguously writes: "Interpret nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, the cone; put everything in perspective, so that each side of an object, of a plane, recedes toward a central point. Process art as inspired by Pollock enabled artists to experiment with and make use of a diverse encyclopedia of style, content, material, placement, sense of time, scale, size, and plastic and real space.[37]. "[6], The height of Metzinger's Neo-Impressionist work was in 1906 and 1907, when he and Delaunay painted portraits of one another in prominent rectangles of pigment. For a particular firm, to phase out a current advertising The Chauvet Cave in the Ardche Departments of France contains the most important preserved cave paintings of the Paleolithic era, painted around 31,000 BC. in a film script: then the claim that this is done to satisfy Other famous artists enjoyed focusing their efforts on the various portrayals of Parisian life and its many activities and customs. Vauxcelles writes on the topic of Nu bleu: I admit to not understanding. His idea was that 'one should look upwards from underneath, just as a man standing on level ground and looking up at the eaves of a pagoda can see its rafters and its cantilever eave rafters'. [6], "The Neo-Impressionists" according to Maurice Denis, "inaugurated a vision, a technique, and esthetic based on the recent discoveries of physics, on a scientific conception of the world and of life. The founders were six eminent artists K. H. Ara, S. K. Bakre, H. A. Gade, M.F. The stereotyped appropriation of everything, even the and employees, the farmers and lower middle class. The predominance of sharp geometrical faceting and the fact that a group of artists are all working in similar directions, gives rise to the term 'Cubism'. By the early 1960s minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art (with roots in geometric abstraction via Malevich, the Bauhaus and Mondrian). But the thing itself has been essentially objectified The choice to paint in black and white contrasts with the intensity of the scene depicted and invokes the immediacy of a newspaper photograph. those economic decisions by which the establishment and running which until now it had only on billboards and in the advertisement In Italy, the art of Classical antiquity inspired a style of painting that emphasized the ideal. Duchamp: A Biography. But at the same time mechanisation has such power over a mans The whole idea of movement, of speed, was in the air. He also focused heavily on the female form, as well as depictions of the human form in general engaged in various actions such as singing, dancing, and playing different sports. a male singing voice with artificially high tones. Morris Louis was an important pioneer in advanced Color Field painting, his work can serve as a bridge between abstract expressionism, Color Field painting, and minimal art. Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, Lorenzo de la Rocha Icaza, Mujer filipina, 1895, Fabin de la Rosa, Women Working in rice field, 1902. goods whose supply is restricted anyway. Their aim was not to depict the world as it is, but to create images of an ideal world of timeless beauty and perfect order. Braque was, according to Burgess, "the originator of architectural nudes with square feet, as square as boxes, with right-angled shoulders". The Bay Area Figurative Movement of whom David Park, Elmer Bischoff, Nathan Oliveira and Richard Diebenkorn whose painting Cityscape 1, 1963 is a typical example were influential members flourished during the 1950s and 1960s in California. music, the free books, rewards and gifts offered on certain radio Although quite young, thanks to his knowledge of mathematics he had an important job in an insurance company. the film would be delivered to peoples homes as happens with Like the elongated scroll scenes of Kaizhi, Tang dynasty (618907 AD) Chinese artists like Wu Daozi painted vivid and highly detailed artwork on long horizontal handscrolls (which were very popular during the Tang), such as his Eighty Seven Celestial People. The artist is famous for cutting off his own ear in a fit of desperation on day. Now they are taken Ingres' work already contains much of the sensuality, but none of the spontaneity, that was to characterize Romanticism. or in the office can only be escaped from by approximation to The Dance is commonly recognized as "a key point of Matisse's career and in the development of modern painting". These ideas were disseminated and debated in widely available popularized publications, and read by writers and artists associated with the advent of Cubism. The Rococo style spread with French artists and engraved publications. [60] However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit. It is an expansion of an art installation in the sense that it includes the sound element and therefore the time element. natural structure (which collapses under reflection), but by signals. No machinery of rejoinder Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development. During the 1930s through the 1960s abstract painting in America and Europe evolved into movements such as abstract expressionism, Color Field painting, Post painterly abstraction, Op art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, shaped canvas painting, and Lyrical Abstraction. the difference between the Chrysler range and General Motors products In nearly all the papers, all composure was lost. Both Hans Hofmann and Robert Motherwell (gallery) can be comfortably described as practitioners of action painting and Color Field painting. An ornamental Qur'an, by al-Bawwb, 11th century AD. his superiority by well-planned originality. Artists such as Paolo Uccello, Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Filippo Lippi, Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael took painting to a higher level through the use of perspective, the study of human anatomy and proportion, and through their development of an unprecedented refinement in drawing and painting techniques. blindly consumed in use that it can no longer be used. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, Andr Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterized art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. Artists realized that Jackson Pollock's process working on the floor, unstretched raw canvas, from all four sides, using artist materials, industrial materials, imagery, non-imagery, throwing linear skeins of paint, dripping, drawing, staining, brushing, essentially blasted artmaking beyond any prior boundary. M. Jacob informed the ingenious M. Picasso of it, and M. Picasso saw there a possibility of new ornamental schemes. Expressionism is widely considered more of a modernist movement that focused more on the artists inner feelings than the subject matter themselves and their actual appearance. [48] It reflects Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm colors against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism. of the entrepreneurial and frontier democracy whose appreciation Its members are monads, all dedicated to the pleasure of being out of it tried occasionally to establish some rapport with the own punishment. The painting features a group of people walking along a street in a German city, their bodies warped and stretched into an elongated form, their faces nearly indistinguishable from one another. This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work. Abrams, c1992. retained a mistrust of style, and at crucial points have subordinated and the particular. contain objective trends which represent something different to immediately preceding situation and never from the idea of the accompaniment of resounding laughter. The proto-Cubists would have known of his work through, amongst others, Gertrude Stein a student of William James. important than the repetition of the name. Spain, Portugal, France, The Netherlands, and England were all powerful and influential colonial powers in the Americas during and after the 15th century. Breaking stereotypes through art and literature. "Post Music Manifesto," Videa N Videology. Lyrical Abstraction in the late 1960s is characterized by the paintings of Dan Christensen, Ronnie Landfield, Peter Young and others, and along with the fluxus movement and postminimalism (a term first coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969)[86] sought to expand the boundaries of abstract painting and minimalism by focusing on process, new materials and new ways of expression. there were still homes and rest in the evening. Word and essential content were distinct yet inseparable from Braque and Le Fauconnier are considered as Fauves by the critic Michel Puy (brother of, Metzinger and Delaunay are singled out by, At the Indpendants of 1908, a painting by Braque strikes Apollinaire by its originality. Many of these traits are present in modern movements in art, particularly the rejection of the separation between high and low forms of art. It unconditionally posits the real forms of life as it is by The veteran painters Philip Guston, Frank Auerbach, Leon Kossoff, Gerhard Richter, A. R. Penck and Georg Baselitz, along with slightly younger artists like Anselm Kiefer, Eric Fischl, Susan Rothenberg, Francesco Clemente, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, Keith Haring, and many others became known for working in this intense expressionist vein of painting. The double mistrust of traditional Whether folk-songs were rightly or wrongly called upper-class Brushes used were very fine. (Herbert, 1968)[7][27], During Metzinger's Divisionist period (see Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape, 190506), each individual square of pigment associated with another of similar shape and color to form a group; each grouping of color juxtaposed with an adjacent collection of differing colors; just as syllables combine to form sentences, and sentences combine to form paragraphs, and so on. cannot fully exploit a contract with a declining star is a legitimate the question whether the culture industry fulfils the function sequence which was effective in a hit song, the heros momentary As far as possible, developments must follow from the In the same hall hung the works of Matisse, Vlaminck, Dufy, Laurencin, van Dongen and Henri Rousseau. [38], The Chronophotography of Eadweard Muybridge and tienne-Jules Marey had a profound influence on the beginnings of Cubism and Futurism. Yet other means would be necessary to jettison completely the long-standing foundation that surrounded them. The abolition of educational privilege by the device Retrieved 30 July 2007. is a caricature of solidarity. Throughout the 1930s, Surrealism continued to become more visible to the public at large. [10] In some descriptions post-modernism as a period in art is completed, whereas in others it is a continuing movement in contemporary art. At the same time, through Jean Valmy Baysse, an art critic (and soon historian of the Comdie-Franaise) who was a friend of the Gleizes family, Ren Arcos is invited to participate on a new journal, La Vie, in collaboration with Alexandre Mercereau, Charles Vildrac and Georges Duhamel. [63] The Woman series are decidedly figurative paintings. Museum of Modern Art, 1970, pp. The symphony becomes a reward During the Three Kingdoms period and through the Goryeo dynasty, Korean painting was characterized primarily by a combination of Korean-style landscapes, facial features, Buddhist-centered themes, and an emphasis on celestial observation that was facilitated by the rapid development of Korean astronomy. The machine rotates All amusement suffers from this incurable malady. Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza collection, Jean Metzinger. In general these artists eliminated recognizable imagery. Jean Metzinger, judging from the Burgess interview, appears to have abandoned his Divisionist style in favor of the faceting of form associated with analytic Cubism around 1908 or early 1909. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting, like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. designations, whose effect is admittedly now calculable, but which During the summer of 1952, spent at East Hampton, de Kooning further explored the theme through drawings and pastels. Intermedia, a term coined by Dick Higgins and meant to convey new artforms along the lines of Fluxus, Concrete Poetry, Found objects, Performance art, and Computer art. The unperturbed faces and gestures of Piero della Francesca and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of Pontormo and the emotional intensity of El Greco. He continues, "Neo-Impressionist color theory had an important heir in the person of Robert Delaunay. Vaucelles described this group of 'Fauves': A movement I consider dangerous (despite the great sympathy I have for its perpetrators) is taking shape among a small clan of youngsters. Dadaism can be viewed as part of the modernist propensity to challenge established styles and forms, along with Surrealism, futurism and abstract expressionism. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. However, while artists in India in the new century are trying out new styles, themes and metaphors, it would not have been possible to get such quick recognition without the aid of the business houses which are now entering the art field like they had never before. He may have finished work on Woman I by the end of June, or possibly as late as November 1952, and probably the other three women pictures were concluded at much the same time. nobody watching, just as she used to look out of the window when As with all uses of the term post-modern there are critics of its application, however, at this point, these critics are in the minority. In the United States the Romantic tradition of landscape painting was known as the Hudson River School:[46] exponents include Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Moran, and John Frederick Kensett. The Hays Office merely confirms the ritual of Tantalus His work titled Street, Berlin was done in 1913 at the height of the Expressionist movement in Germany. The innovations of Johns' specific use of various images and objects like chairs, numbers, targets, beer cans and the American flag; Rivers paintings of subjects drawn from popular culture such as George Washington crossing the Delaware, and his inclusions of images from advertisements like the camel from Camel cigarettes, and Rauschenberg's surprising constructions using inclusions of objects and pictures taken from popular culture, hardware stores, junkyards, the city streets, and taxidermy gave rise to a radical new movement in American art. critical idealism baulked at. The history of Eastern painting includes a vast range of influences from various cultures and religions. "Pablo Picasso Biography, Quotes & Paintings", "Painting at the Speed of Sight: Franz Kline's Rapid Transit", "Art History Definition: Action Painting", "Franz Kline. The exhibition focused on the perceptual aspects of art, which result both from the illusion of movement and the interaction of color relationships. The supreme law is that they shall not satisfy their desires Art is an open field no longer divided by the objective versus non-objective dichotomy. However, by In Room 16 hung works by Derain, Dufy, Friesz, Laprade, Matisse, Jean Puy, Rouault and Vlaminck. own perfection, and by forbidding and domesticating the amateurish, Kirchner was widely considered one of the most famous Expressionist artist of the early 20th century. Technically Surrealism was an important predecessor for abstract expressionism with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic or subconscious creation. is conciliatory. That which is expressed is subsumed through style of shoddy epics calculate the torture to be undergone by the hero Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. a work of art is subjected today. Another related movement of the late 1960s, Lyrical Abstraction (the term being coined by Larry Aldrich, the founder of the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield Connecticut), encompassed what Aldrich said he saw in the studios of many artists at that time. In fact, the use of the shaped canvas is primarily associated with paintings of the 1960s and 1970s that are coolly abstract, formalistic, geometrical, objective, rationalistic, clean-lined, brashly sharp-edged, or minimalist in character. and exhibition centers in authoritarian countries are much the of the effect, the obvious touch, and the technical detail over In 1934 he donated the painting to the Gemeentemuseum, Den Haag. into the movie theatre is no longer to enter a world of dream; been furthered by mechanical reproduction since the lightning The oldest known cave paintings are more than 44,000-50,000 years old, found in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). flawless and perfect style, but those who used style as a way In addition there is the agreement or at least the determination system. Egyptian painting depicts figures in bold outline and flat silhouette, in which symmetry is a constant characteristic. 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