[1][2] The center was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.[3]. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (sometimes referred to as HG2G, HHGTTG, H2G2, or tHGttG) is a comedy science fiction franchise created by Douglas Adams.Originally a 1978 radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4, it was later adapted to other formats, including novels, stage shows, comic books, a 1981 TV series, a 1984 text-based computer game, and 2005 feature film. NASA also used the telescope for near-Earth object detection programs. [97][98] Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yay al-Naw: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them. [51] Beginning in the early 1970s, the US Congress identified freeways and other urban highways as responsible for most of the noise exposure of the US population. Controlled-access highways in Israel are designated by a blue color. Band performs before 94-year-old woman who is unable to attend their concerts. [1][136] Shibli Nomani published a research work in 1892 about this library named Kutubkhana-i-lskandriyya. [25] Other sources claim that the Library was instead created under the reign of Ptolemy I's son Ptolemy II Philadelphus (283246 BC). London Orbital or the M25 is a motorway surrounding London, but at the last River Thames crossing before its mouth, motorway rules do not apply. [76] The scholars who had studied at the Library of Alexandria and their students continued to conduct research and write treatises, but most of them no longer did so in association with the Library. [93], SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has stated that The Hitchhikers's Guide is one of his favourite works, his "favorite philosopher is Douglas Adams" and his favourite spaceship ever is in The Hitchhikers's Guide. [99] The Einstein@Home distributed computing project has found more than 20 pulsars in Arecibo data. The core of the motorways is what was once called during Yugoslav period, the Brotherhood and Unity Highway, which was opened in 1950 and goes from the border with Croatia, through Belgrade, Central Serbia, Ni, and to border with North Macedonia. [41] An additional US$3 million in bonds were secured from the government of Puerto Rico. [94], Meanwhile, as the reputation of Alexandrian scholarship declined, the reputations of other libraries across the Mediterranean world improved, diminishing the Library of Alexandria's former status as the most prominent. 627 BC). Tower 4 can be seen in the background, while the top of Tower 12 appears rolling in front of the camera later in the video. 23 Euphoria: fans think Tom Holland has a secret cameo in new episode. In 1937, the first motorway between Brussels and Ostend was completed, following the example of neighboring countries such as Germany. The M50's designation was chosen as a recognisable number. It was often claimed that an American Fordson tractor (called "" in Russian) was the best propaganda in favour of collectivization. The Library quickly acquired many papyrus scrolls, owing largely to the Ptolemaic kings' aggressive and well-funded policies for procuring texts. These structures enable pedestrians and cyclists to cross the freeway at that point without a detour to the nearest road crossing. [7][133][134] By the end of the Hellenistic Period, almost every city in the Eastern Mediterranean had a public library and so did many medium-sized towns. The Controlled demolition conspiracy theories were first suggested in September 2001. Agriculture formed the bulk of the English economy at the time of the Norman invasion. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, p.17. The RN-21 (EastWest, Boulevard Monseor Romero), is the very first freeway to be built in El Salvador and in Central America. [94], From January 2010 to February 2011, astronomers Matthew Route and Aleksander Wolszczan detected bursts of radio emission from the T6.5 brown dwarf 2MASS J10475385+2124234. The Baltic member state of Latvia, as well as four regions from Poland, and two regions from each of Bulgaria and Romania also reported no motorway network; several of these regions bordered onto non-member neighbouring countries to the east of the EU. [47] Each section listed authors in alphabetical order. Since the 2000s, main roadways have drastically improved, though lacking standards in design and road safety. The Dam on the River Amstel) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands; with a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area. [96][80] If they did survive the attack, then whatever was left of them would have been destroyed during the emperor Diocletian's siege of Alexandria in 297. Other methods involve constructing a service drive that shortens the long driveways (typically by less than 100 metres (330ft)). The number of pigs fell from 27.7 million in 1928 to 27.5 million in 1941 and then to 22.2 million in 1950. Most important motorways are the A1 Motorway connecting Greece's two largest cities (Athens and Thessaloniki), the A2 (Egnatia Odos) motorway, also known as the "horizontal road axis" of Greece, connecting almost all of Northern Greece from west to east and the A8 Olympia Motorway connecting Athens and Patras. Fukuyama had taken his time writing it. [111], Under the Christian rule of Roman emperor Theodosius I, pagans were persecuted, pagan rituals were outlawed, and pagan temples were destroyed. [72], During the early second century BC, several scholars at the Library of Alexandria studied works on medicine. [139] Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak took a personal interest in the project, which greatly contributed to its advancement. This new policy was designed to re-build morale among embittered farmers and lead to increased production. No roundabouts on the main carriageway. In addition to signposted motorways, there are also some limited-access two-lane expressways, and other grade-separated four-lane expressways (perhaps the most significant example being Ring III near Helsinki). it establishes that left-lane collisions are more likely induced by volume effects, while right-lane collisions are more closely tied to speed variances in adjacent lanes (in California, people drive in the right lane except when passing). [93], In January 2008, detection of prebiotic molecules methanimine and hydrogen cyanide were reported from the observatory's radio spectroscopy measurements of the distant starburst galaxy Arp 220. Some European countries have improved safety of urban motorways, with a set of measures to dynamically manage traffic flow in response to changing volumes, speeds, and incidents, including: In 1994, it was assumed that lighting urban motorways would benefit from more safety than unlighted ones. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety[2] and capacity and speed and traffic flow for everyone and time taken to reach the destination. Peasants began to turn against the Provisional Government and organized themselves into land committees, which together with the traditional peasant communes became a powerful force of opposition. Its empirical standards were applied in one of the first and certainly strongest homes for serious textual criticism. Forbo Flooring Systems is a global player in high-quality commercial flooring & total flooring solutions that include Linoleum, Vinyl, Luxury Vinyl Tiles, Flocked Flooring, Carpet Tiles and Entrance Flooring Systems. There are two categories of controlled-access highways in Lithuania: expressways (Lithuanian: greitkeliai) with maximum speed 120km/h and motorways (Lithuanian: automagistrals) with maximum speed 130km/h. [9] The ground beneath supported shade-tolerant vegetation. These would further link with Central Asia and China, as proposed in the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. [64][66] On account of his impressive memory and diligence, Ptolemy III appointed him as head librarian. Otherwise, freeways typically have at least two lanes in each direction; some busy ones can have as many as 16 or more lanes[e] in total. However, taking into account motorway network length to reflect exposure, data shows that fatalities per thousand kilometres halved between 2006 and 2015. Ward Low of the ARPA pointed out this flaw and put Gordon in touch with the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (AFCRL) in Boston, Massachusetts, where one group headed by Phil Blacksmith was working on spherical reflectors and another group was studying the propagation of radio waves in and through the upper atmosphere. Other shorter sections of motorway either have been or will be built on some other main routes. 235 AD), however, writes: "Many places were set on fire, with the result that, along with other buildings, the dockyards and storehouses of grain and books, said to be great in number and of the finest, were burned. [122][125] She had no successor and her school collapsed after her death. By 1943, the German occupation authorities had converted 30% of the kolkhozes into German-sponsored "agricultural cooperatives", but as yet had made no conversions to private farms. [96] However, there are still no plans to build an expressway in Western New Guinea due to its slow population growth. [87][8] Nonetheless, Strabo's manner of talking about the Mouseion shows that it was nowhere near as prestigious as it had been a few centuries prior. [16] A metal mesh screen was also installed around the perimeter to block the ground's thermal radiation from reaching the feed antennas. As the Serbian word for motorway is autoput, the "A1", "A2" or "A3" road designations are used since November 2013. The impact that this had on poorer peasants forced them to move to the cities. A counterweight would move symmetrically opposite to the feed for stability and, if a hurricane struck, the whole feed could be raised and lowered. Jews (Hebrew: , ISO 259-2: Yehudim, Israeli pronunciation:) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites and Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah.Jewish ethnicity, nationhood, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people, although its observance varies from strict to none. Most technologically advanced nations feature an extensive network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel, or both. [37][3][38][8][20] The original texts were kept in the library, and the copies delivered to the owners. The first dual highway opened in Italy in 1924, between Milan and Varese, and now forms parts of the A8 and A9 motorways. Since September 2012, the nationwide maximum speed has been raised to 130km/h (81mph), but on many stretches speed is still limited to 120 or 100km/h (75 or 62mph). Other techniques involve building a new carriageway on the side of a divided highway that has a lot of private access on one side and sometimes has long driveways on the other side since an easement for widening comes into place, especially in rural areas. Amsterdam (/ m s t r d m / AM-str-dam, UK also / m s t r d m / AM-str-DAM, Dutch: [mstrdm] (), lit. Privacy Policy Once ascertained, canonical copies would then be made for scholars, royalty, and wealthy bibliophiles the world over, this commerce bringing income to the library. It claims the Library was founded during the reign of Used in the western part of the United States, parts of Australia, parts of Canada, and South Africa. [18] The Macedonian kings who succeeded Alexander the Great as rulers of the Near East wanted to promote Hellenistic culture and learning throughout the known world. [78] This book remained the primary grammar textbook for Greek schoolboys until as late as the twelfth century AD. [81] The emperor Claudius (ruled 4154 AD) is recorded to have built an addition onto the Library,[92] but it seems that the Library of Alexandria's general fortunes followed those of the city of Alexandria itself. Azerbaijan has about 29,000km (18,000mi) of paved roads; the first paved roads were built during the Russian Empire. Oregon allows bicycles except on specific urban freeways in Portland and Medford.[23]. Autoroute destinations are shown in blue, while destinations reached through a combination of autoroutes are shown with an added autoroute logo. In Canada, the first precursor with semi-controlled access was The Middle Road between Hamilton and Toronto, which featured a median divider between opposing traffic flow, as well as the nation's first cloverleaf interchange. During the period of war communism, however, the policy of Prodrazvyorstka meant that the peasantry was obligated to surrender the surpluses of agricultural produce for a fixed price. Unlike the neighbouring Spanish network, most of Portuguese motorways are tolled, although there are also some non-tolled highways, mostly in urban areas, like those of Greater Lisbon and Greater Oporto. They are consistently built with at least two carriageways, guard rails and interchanges with grade separation. They were planned to be "divided into 'economies (ekonomii)' of 5,00010,000 hectares which were in turn divided into fields and sections (uchastki) without regard to the existing villages the aim was to achieve a 'fully depersonalized optimum land area'"[citation needed] Parallel with this were plans to transfer the peasants to centralized 'agrotowns' offering modern amenities. [153] which is equivalent to 1.43 fatalities per billion vehicle miles traveled. [18][19], Although the concept appeared to offer a solution to the tracking problem, there was almost no information on either the physics of re-entry or a strong understanding of the normal composition of the upper layers of the ionosphere. In the European Union, for statistical and safety purposes, some distinction might be made between motorway and expressway. [118] In around 400 AD, Theon's daughter Hypatia (born c. 350370; died 415 AD) succeeded him as the head of his school. Consequently, the Library of Pergamum developed parchment as its own writing material. Furthermore, the countryside was filled with rumours regarding the harshness of collective farm life. [158] Auckland's first stretch of motorway was opened in 1953 between Ellerslie and Mount Wellington (between present-day exit 435 and exit 438), and now forms part of the Southern Motorway.[159]. Murray, S. A., (2009). In Croatia, motorway numbering is independent of state route numbering. Restrictions on migration proved ineffective and half a million migrated to other regions of Central Asia and 1.5 million to China. [107] In 2014, a video art installation piece titled The Great Silence by artists Jennifer Allora and Guillermo Calzadilla in collaboration with science fiction writer Ted Chiang featured the radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory to represent the search for extraterrestrial life. [142] The part of E4 that runs through western Stockholm is called Essingeleden and is the busiest road in Sweden. [34], According to ETSC, German motorways without a speed limit, but with a 130km/h (81mph) speed recommendation, are 25% more deadly than motorways with a speed limit. It is the most direct link between Central and Western Europe with Greece and Turkey, and subsequently the Middle-East. Soviet officials had hoped that by sending the twenty-five thousanders to the countryside that they would be able to produce grain more rapidly. Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission. Brisbane, which also has to contend with physical boundaries (the Brisbane River) and rapid population increases, has embraced underground freeways. It has since gone on to become the busiest highway in the world. [36], Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches, burning of icons, and the arrests of priests. The means of production (land, equipment, livestock) were to be totally "socialized", i.e. Having only electronic tolls, former SCUT motorways can now only be used by vehicles equipped with electronic payment devices or vehicles registered in the system. The highly polarized and highly energetic radio bursts indicated that the object has a >1.7kG-strength magnetic field and magnetic activity similar to both the planet Jupiter and the Sun. [90][91], By the end of 2019, the total length of China's expressway network reached 149,600km (93,000mi),[92] the world's largest expressway system by length, having surpassed the overall length of the American Interstate Highway System in 2011. The inter-connecting roads, or slip-roads, which link the two roads, can follow any one of a number of patterns. They are officially called Bundesstraen A (Bundesautobahnen) under the authority of the federal government according to the Austrian Federal Road Act (Bundesstraengesetz),[116] not to be confused with the former Bundesstraen highways maintained by the Austrian states since 2002. The first of these operations was on June 1314, 1964, using the call KP4BPZ. Includes motorways (urban or rural) and expressways (road which does not serve properties bordering on it and which is provided with separate carriageways for the two directions of traffic). [143], Turkish state road D 750 at Konya junction. [45][73], Aristarchus of Samothrace (lived c. 216c. The crossing of freeways by other routes is typically achieved with grade separation either in the form of underpasses or overpasses. [113], European motorways provide reduced accident risks: 50% to 90% lower compared to standard roads, when new motorways only reduce injuries by 7%. The median-side travel lane of the old two-way corridor becomes a passing lane. In the year 2035 the total length of the motorways will be 5,185km (3,222mi) of motorways and 3,700km (2,300mi) of expressways. [93] The Romans during this period also had less interest in Alexandrian scholarship, causing the Library's reputation to continue to decline as well. Estimates based on the total sown area (including state farms) reduce the share of collective farms between 19351940 to about 80%. The current Class 0 freeways include: Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, Rodovia dos Imigrantes, Rodovia Castelo Branco, Rodovia Ayrton Senna/Carvalho Pinto, Rodovia Osvaldo Aranha (also known as "Free-way") and So Paulo's Metropolitan Beltway Rodoanel Mrio Covas all modern, post-1970s highways meeting modern European standards. Roads in the Netherlands include at least 2,758km (1,714mi) of motorways and expressways,[125] and with a motorway density of 64 kilometres per 1,000km2 (103mi/1,000mi2), the country has one of the densest motorway networks in the world. Those common roads are not subject to a fee (in form of vignette) for vehicles with total weight up to 3.5t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) and their speed limit is 110km/h (68mph), partially up to 130km/h (81mph). Officials had earlier said that demolishing the huge structure in a few seconds and ensuring that the rubble is not scattered everywhere is a challenging task. B. Expressways allow car and truck traffic as well as motorcycles with engines of 250cc or more. [4][5] To support this endeavor, they were well positioned as Egypt was the ideal habitat for the papyrus plant, which provided a monopoly on materials needed to amass their knowledge repository. No traffic lights (except occasionally on slip roads before reaching the main carriageway). [52] It is more likely that Apollonius' resignation was on account of Ptolemy III Euergetes' ascension to the throne in 246 BC. [138] Starting in 1988, UNESCO and the UNDP worked to support the international architectural competition to design the Library. Former Arecibo Observatory director Robert Kerr stated that prior to the 1997 installation of the Gregorian dome, the main support cables and support towers had been engineered with a safety factor of two, as to be able to sustain twice the weight of the platform. Egypt also has multiple highway links with Asia through the Arab Mashreq International Road Network.