To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. More concerning was that theoretical saturation was not addressed in 13 articles, which is problematic from a theory-building perspective. In other articles, researchers described a range of different ways in which they tried to think theoretically about the data. 2022 The Author(s). Their early methodological texts (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998) did not explicitly articulate the paradigm that underpinned the approach. Reported using a journal to record ideas provoked by data (, Yes blended methodologies (grounded theory and narrative) (, Study builds on primary data from previous research (, Focused coding, axial coding, memos, diagrams (systems map), cross-case analysis (. WebThe theory produced from grounded theory methodology is based in practitioners real-world practice, is sensitive to practitioners in the setting, and represents the complexities %%EOF endstream endobj 291 0 obj[308 0 R] endobj 292 0 obj<>stream In the following sections, we provide a brief explanation of each criterion and discuss some of the key findings vis--vis each criterion. Recently, academic papers have revealed a lack of systematic approaches to conducting research in the sustainable project management field, an increasingly important area of study. Regardless of whether grounded theories are substantive, middle range, or formal, they are more than a descriptive list of themes. false 278 0 obj <> endobj Consider creating a schematic representation of core elements of the GTM and strategies used to enhance quality (e.g. For instance, Corbin and Strauss (2015) described sharing findings with interviewees and other relevant individuals who were not interviewed to validate a grounded theory (p. 308). k j /)!X For more information please visit our Permissions help page. Figure 1. (Simmons, DE (2006). Creative Commons License . Cartigny et al., 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2014, 2015; Evans et al., 2013; Gledhill & Harwood, 2015; Groom et al., 2011; Kendellen & Camir, 2019; Pierce et al., 2016; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Tamminen & Holt, 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). Overall, the methodological completeness of GTM studies in sport psychology appears to have improved over the past decade. 0000182677 00000 n Prior to reporting the rapid review, we provide a brief history of GTM in order to provide context for our analysis. Indeed, since sustainable project management is an emerging field in Jordan, adopting a new research method should be considered over traditional approaches. Indeed, the emergence of the second-generation of grounded theory methodologists reflects the dynamic evolution of the methodology (Morse et al., 2009, 2021). Although a fulsome description of this detailed chapter is beyond the scope of the current article, it is worth noting some of Belgrave and Seides (2019) conclusions. 555 0 obj <>stream 0000009674 00000 n Theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 articles), theoretical saturation (reported in 22 of 25 articles) and assessment of theory (reported 22 of 35 articles) were the least frequently used techniques and procedures. Download : Download high-res image (56KB)Download : Download full-size image. Arguably, they initially positioned the GTM researcher as a distant expert rather than being implicitly involved in the research process, co-constructing experience and meaning with the participants. 0000011866 00000 n Only two articles reported the use of constant comparison but did not specify the iterative process (Grant & Schempp, 2013; Omli & LaVoi, 2012). Theoretical sampling (i.e. In fact, Glasers (1978) book (titled Theoretical Sensitivity) was written, in part, to clarify what theoretical sensitivity means. Belgrave and Seide (2019) recently provided an excellent chapter on coding approaches in GTM, including a comparison between the approaches used in the variants of the methodology and some practical examples. What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the, products of particular studies? View Notes - Combined Research Articles on Grounded Theory.pdf from PSYCHOLOGY 1223 at The City School at Rittenhouse. Eight articles reported the use of a pragmatic philosophical approach. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. The origins of GTM can be traced to 1965, when Barney Glaser published an article outlining the constant comparative method (i.e. The absence of an iterative process would make it almost impossible to claim that other basic methodological requirements of GTM have been followed. In broad terms, GTMs are systematic and flexible approaches for collecting and analysing qualitative data in order to construct theories that are grounded in the data (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2015). -EqH6`i!81Ld8}u|JjpG Ec?WC] methodological congruence); (b) learn everything you can about the type of qualitative inquiry you adopt; (c) take an open, non-committal, critical, analytic view of the existing literature in the field; (d) gather rich data; (e) be transparent; (f) go back and forth between data and your developing analysis; (g) tolerate ambiguity; (h) ask progressively focused questions about the data that help you develop your emerging analysis; (i) play with your data and your ideas about them; (j) collect sufficient data to make useful comparisons, create robust analytic categories, and convince readers of their significance; (k) ask questions about your categories; (l) treat your codes, categories and theoretical outlines as provisional and open for revision and even rejection; and, (m) after you have completed your analysis, compare it with relevant material from the literature. <> Our criteria are not specific to a particular variant and, instead, are intended to be flexible enough to allow the reporting and assessment of how GTM was applied regardless of the variant. The approach used was unclear in one article (Tshube & Feltz, 2015). They pointed out that contemporary approaches to GTM coding, regardless of the variant, are offered as guidelines rather than rules written in stone. Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143. Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). set of criteria for evaluating studies that follow the grounded theory approach. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. endstream endobj 538 0 obj <>stream Constructivist Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory, Theoretical Framework . 576-577), Yes. Articulate why a specific variant was used (e.g. We argue that, other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures, In this paper 2 We address three related methodological issues. <> uuid:bb4c1983-267a-4ee0-82ca-66519a144a13 A commentary on potential areas for future debate, Capturing the essence of grounded theory: The importance of understanding commonalities and variants, Towards the development of a conceptual model of expertise in cricket batting: A grounded theory approach, A systems theory of development through sport for traumatized and disadvantaged youth, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, : Special Issue: Research Review Methodologies in Sport and Exercise Psychology Editors: Pete Coffee and David Tod, Part 2: guidelines for the use of GTM in the future, https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2022.2028305, https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/sports, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2021.1872732, https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1680788, https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690700600105, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1654559, https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1780357, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1512536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.007, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1626514, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1602560, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.752769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1647476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.003, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.511422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.12.002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.009, https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880903304527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.002, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.608413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.010, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2018.1544514, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.008, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1687582, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1454977, http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2020/12/30/from-the-editors-desk-4/, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.578102, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1176067, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2012.712983, https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1656276, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1493525, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1831651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.11.010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.07.006, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0465-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.001, https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1251701, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903018675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.004, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health, Used theoretical concepts to frame study. xbbrb`b``3 0000001664 00000 n What is it? "Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. The term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of flexible methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of inquiry. Three articles (McDavid & McDonough, 2019; Omli & LaVoi, 2012; Tshube & Feltz, 2015) did not include a substantive grounded theory, instead presenting a descriptive list of themes. One of the most comprehensive set of guidelines for GTM was recently presented by Charmaz and Thornberg (2020). endobj }< l;Nnpx-q. )=##HXV7'+W#O In using a set of characteristics to define properties of GTM, we are entering what Charmaz (2006) described as ambiguous terrain (p. 180). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Collins and Durand-Bush (2019) used the Charmaz approach to GTM but reported an unspecified form of coding. In the absence of an iterative process, the full use of constant comparison in analysis is constrained (Holt & Tamminen, 2010a). 9N Articles that claimed the use of GTM but were deemed to be exercise or health psychology-oriented were excluded (e.g. The purposes of this paper were to (a) describe and assess the use of grounded theory methodology (GTM) in sport psychology over the past 11 years and (b) provide some guidance for best practices moving forward. Diagramming has been an underutilized strategy in GTM more broadly (Buckley & Waring, 2013), but it is quite often used in the sport psychology GTM literature. Theory, Positivism, Hermeneutics, Pragmatism. 0 In some studies, both participants and experts were asked to provide feedback (e.g. R3)LPb&X:f^ h9_h;WZ@f^c^4%B:(>! For example, in his 1978 book, Glaser introduced his view of theoretical coding and the 18 coding families as ways to enhance theoretical sensitivity. H\j@F)(53 H rnRYec.PAf'vF;wqN7]3M\&ow[f6mp3Gd/wv~]m&>;Li6w>EgNoejrLc|~d|4.+r~ ?D%rF&r1c h1@ a Given that the use of GTM in the sport psychology literature has not been systematically examined for over a decade, it is not known whether there have been methodological improvements since the publication of the earlier commentaries (Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b; Hutchinson et al., 2011; Weed, 2009, 2010). d100&? 5 It was somewhat concerning that seven articles did not adequately address the philosophical perspective adopted. Two of the primary variants of GTM (Straussian and Charmaz) dominate the sport psychology literature. There are also differences in the specific techniques and procedures associated with each variant. 2016-03-14 Glaser suggested that following these stages would enable analysts to produce theories that are integrated, consistent, plausible, close to the data, and in a form that is clear enough to be readily, if only partially, operationalized for testing in quantitative research (pp. Have you selected a specific variant of GTM? PDF | Babchuk, W.A. Open coding, focussed coding, memos, conceptual mapping (pp. oRS}pNhsQ!Xb+%UG,/;H By limiting the focus to the sport psychology literature there remains a need for an analysis of the use of GTM in exercise psychology. The term grounded theory has been used to refer both to the methodology and the resulting theory arising from studies that employed the methodology; it is both the process and the product (Holt, 2016). It would be useful for sport psychology researchers to clarify how they define theory when they are using GTM. We performed a manual search of each journal from the first issue of 2009 to April 2021. (2018) suggested that GTM can be put to work, in a pragmatic way, from any perspective, whether staunchly positivist, radically constructivist, hyper critical, or anything in between (p. 2). Charmaz, 2006). <<780C1A054C2CE541AF207EF440512C9B>]>> 0000010410 00000 n Methods: The research method was qualitative and the grounded theory was used. In the first application of this new approach, Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1965) published Awareness of Dying, a study of death and dying in Californian hospitals. <> application/pdf The data collection was founded on the Grounded Theory, a methodology initially introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1969), that uses data to create theories, and by means of that, relevant aspects could be discovered under specific social fields (Strauss & Corbin, 2012).The criteria to identify a good Grounded Theory was described by Glasser (1978): it has to fit the Theoretical sensitivity is the ability to conceptualize relevant data in theoretical terms (Glaser & Strauss, 1967); it is about the abilities and skills of the researcher rather than merely applying techniques and procedures. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 0000012648 00000 n Of the 32 articles that presented a grounded theory, 22 included attempts to assess the grounded theory. 473 0 obj <>stream xref Claiming to use GTM while only providing a descriptive list of themes, is problematic because while thick and rich description provides concepts and tells an interesting story, it is not theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2015, p. 12). Theoretical sensitivity is, therefore, a prerequisite for building a grounded theory (Kelle, 2019). Two years later, their first methodological book, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), was published. Researchers should have reasons for the variant they select, which should be presented. Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). ! consequential/ conditional matrix). Bruce, 2007; Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b), we present some principles for GTM in Table 2. Though individually necessary, these characteristics are only sufficient if collectively applied to define the use of GTM as a total methodology (also see Weed, 2009, 2017). 0000003897 00000 n In their response, Holt and Tamminen (2010a) completed a more thorough review of the literature and observed that, while some of the criticisms raised by Weed (2009) were unfounded (e.g. Other researchers asked participants for feedback (e.g. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Glaser and Strauss (1967) originally suggested researchers should at first, literally ignore the literature of theory and fact on the area under study (p. 37). Twenty-two of the 35 articles met all, or all but one, of the criteria. He argued that sport and exercise psychology researchers have not understood the importance of being fully transparent about the methodologies and methods they have used (p. 508). For instance, as analysis generates new ideas and insights, researchers may need to sample new people and settings in order to advance theoretical saturation. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Did you conduct an armchair walkthrough when planning the study? The quality of a grounded theory can be related to three distinct areas underpinned by (1) the researchers expertise, knowledge and research skills; (2) Charmaz (2006) referred to initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical integration. Consider the use of other analytic techniques (e.g. Of the 35 included articles (Table 1), 11 articles addressed all the criteria for using GTM as a total methodology (Cartigny et al., 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2015; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Gledhill & Harwood, 2015; Karageorghis et al., 2018; Kendellen & Camir, 2019; Oliver et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2016; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Staff et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018) and 11 articles addressed all but one of the criteria (Battaglia et al., 2021; Collins & Durand-Bush, 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2014; Elliott et al., 2020; Evans et al., 2013; Groom et al., 2011; Knight & Holt, 2014; Massey et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2020; Tamminen & Holt, 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). Acknowledgements . Thirteen articles did not address two or more criteria (Eggleston et al., 2020; Gano-Overway & Carson Sackett, 2021; Grant & Schempp, 2013; Kerr & Stirling, 2012; McCosker et al., 2019; McDavid & McDonough, 2019; Omli & LaVoi, 2012; Porter et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2019; Sellars et al., 2018; Slater et al., 2012; Tshube & Feltz, 2015; Weissensteiner et al., 2009). *&c8[Ve9f:$(Ar"s9=CDun%6t-y. (2020) reviewed 710 qualitative articles published in sport psychology journals over 30 years and reported an increase over time in the number of articles in which researchers philosophical positions were explicitly stated, with a particular increase in the use of constructivist approaches. Corbin & Strauss, 2015). 534 0 obj <> endobj Finally, we would like to reiterate the need for grounded theory methodologists to have a conceptualization of how they define theory, which will, in turn, enable them to construct better grounded theories. She suggested that positivists approach theory as a statement of relationships between abstract concepts, whereas interpretivists emphasize understanding rather than explanation. Glasers (1965) initial version of the constant comparative method involved four stages: (1) comparing incidents applicable to each category, (2) integrating categories and their properties, (3) delimiting the theory, and (4) writing the theory (Glaser, 1965). Subsequently, Weed (2010) encouraged researchers to focus on macro-level features of GTM, to be transparent, and to demonstrate a full understanding of the ontological and epistemological assumptions underpinning the methods and methodologies used. <> hbbd```b``.Sd,d":=0LZH r\fA$s Discussed use of literature to provide initial questions, concepts, and ideas for theoretical sampling (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, diagrams, memos (, Lead author reported I did not enter with any preconceived notions about what may emerge. t, 1990 Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and, 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful. RP!!@^e?sP#VM1m?)~-~Um^>sbD;!Pe%0rB[uF/|3*@nDV-Qj?b? Urquhart (2019) argued that theoretical sensitivity can involve being sufficiently aware of other theories in order to construct ones own theory. As such, scholars have suggested that the original Glaser and Strauss GTM is most strongly underpinned by objectivism and closest to positivist approaches (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 2). There were issues with the coding techniques reported in some articles. Constant comparison was reported in all 35 articles. 0000182341 00000 n t?THU$)EIz>T!+NqBI2X1GG33h V fa IK R y) D!A!dGc)CY ! If the team member thought the title was relevant, the abstract, then the full text, was reviewed and the inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied.
Mechanical Spring Formula, Cornrows Into Twists Short Hair, Fire Emblem: Three Houses Metodey, Sweet Cakes Charlotte Nc, Associative Array Example, Response Headers Set-cookie, Product Management In Marketing, Tomcat 10 Manager 403 Access Denied, Scottish Fish And Chips Menu,